Components of Venom and Mechanisms of action
\nThe components of venom are cardiotoxin, hemotoxin, nephrotoxin, neurotoxin,
\nhyaluronidases, phosphodiesterases, phopholipases, glycosaminoglycans, histamine,
\nserotonin, tryptophan and cytokine releasers. Among all, the most potent is the
\nneurotoxin. There are two classes of neurotoxins (long chain & short chain polypeptide)
\nwhich are heat stable, have a low molecular weight and are responsible for causing cell
\nimpairment in nerves, muscles, and the heart by altering sodium and potassium channel
\npermeability. The long chain polypeptide neurotoxin induces continuous, prolonged,
\nrepetitive fi ring of somatic, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons which results
\nin autonomic, and neuromuscular over excitation symptoms. It also prevents normal
\nnerve impulse transmissions. Further, it results in release of neurotransmitters viz.,
\nepinephrine, nor-epinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and aspartate excessively. The
\nshort chain polypeptide neurotoxin blocks the potassium channels.
\nPathophysiology
\nThe venom is produced by columnar cells of the venom glands. Scorpion venom
\nis water soluble, antigenic and positively charged. It is a heterogenous mixture and
\nthis can be easily demonstrated by electrophoresis method. Also, the heterogenisity of
\nthe venom explains the variable response to venom as observed in different people.
\nNormally injected venom is between 0.1 to 0.6mg. Generally most lethal scorpions
\nhave a lethal dose (LD50) below 1.5mg. The potency varies with species causing mild
\nfl u to death with in an hour. Humans are much more sensitive than mice.
\nOnce the venom is injected, it is distributed rapidly into the tissues. If the venom
\nis deposited into a vein, the symptoms develop within 4 to 7 minutes after injection,
\nwith a peak concentration in 30 minutes. The half life of venom varies from 4.2 to 13.4
\nhours.
\nSymptoms and signs
\nSymptoms and signs are infl uenced by factors related to \u201c3 Ss\u201d viz., scorpion, sting
\nand the status of the patient.
\nTable No. 17: Infl uencing factors for symptoms and signs
\nScorpion
\n\u2022 Species
\n\u2022 Age, size and
\n\u2022 nutritional status
\n\u2022 Stinging apparatus
\n(telson)
\nSting
\n\u2022 Time of sting
\n\u2022 Number of stings
\n\u2022 Quantity of venom
\ninjected (low dose \u2013
\nadrenergic, high dose
\n\u2013 cholinergic)
\n\u2022 Depth of the sting
\npenetration
\n\u2022 Site of sting IV\/SC\/IM
\n\u2022 Components of venom
\nStatus of the patient
\n\u2022 Age of the patient
\n\u2022 Health status
\n\u2022 Comorbid conditions
\n\u2022 Weight of the victim
\n\u2022 Physiological response
\nof the individual
\n\u2022 Sensitivity of
\nthe syst\u00e9m to the
\nneurotransmitters and
\ntoxins<\/p>\n
Usual signs of scorpion sting are as follows
\n\u2022 Mydriasis
\n\u2022 Nystagmus
\n\u2022 Hyper salivation
\n\u2022 Dysphagia
\n\u2022 Restlessness
\nUsual mode of death is via
\n\u2022 Respiratory failure secondary to<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Components of Venom and Mechanisms of action The components of venom are cardiotoxin, hemotoxin, nephrotoxin, neurotoxin, hyaluronidases, phosphodiesterases, phopholipases, glycosaminoglycans, histamine, serotonin, tryptophan and cytokine releasers. Among all, the most potent is the neurotoxin. There are two classes of neurotoxins (long chain & short chain polypeptide) which are heat stable, have a low molecular weight […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":63,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-73","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/73","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=73"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/73\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/doctorbruno.info\/snake-bite-scorpion-sting-protocol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}